Pliocene Epoch
From 5.332 +/- 0.005 To 1.806 +/- 0.005 Ma
Start Defined By: Top of magnetic polarity chronozone C3r, ~100 kyr before
Thvera normal-polarity subchronozone (C3n.4n). Calcareous nannofossils --
near extinction level of Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus (base Zone CN10b) and
the lowest occurrence of Ceratolithus acutus.
End Defined By: Just above top of magnetic polarity chronozone C2n (Olduvai)
and the extinction level of calcareous nannofossil Discoaster brouweri
(base Zone CN13). Above are lowest occurrence of calcareous nannofossil
medium Gephyrocapsa spp. and extinction level of planktonic foraminifer
Globigerinoides extremus.
Start Based On: Gradstein, Ogg, Smith, _A Geologic Time Scale 2004_
End Based On: Gradstein, Ogg, Smith, _A Geologic Time Scale 2004_
-- Overlaps With --
Australian Stage: Mitchellian (10.5 - 5)
Californian Stage: Wheelerian (1.9 - 0.01143)
Californian Stage: Delmontian (7.5 - 2.9)
Japanese Stage: Yuian (9.5 - 3.6)
Japanese Stage: Kechienjian (1.9 - 1.5)
New Zealand Stage: Kapitean (6 - 4.8)
New Zealand Stage: Nukumaruan (1.96 - 1.1)
North American Stage: Hemphillian (9 - 4.75)
-- A Substage of --
Eon: Phanerozoic (542 - -5.5012e-005)
Era: Cenozoic (65.5 - -5.5012e-005)
Period: Neogene (23.03 - -5.5012e-005)
Informal Sub-era: Tertiary (65.5 - 1.806)
-- Preceeded By --
Epoch: Miocene (23.03 - 5.332)
Sub-Epoch: Late Miocene (11.608 - 5.332)
ICS Stage: Messinian (7.246 - 5.332)
-- Followed By --
Epoch: Pleistocene (1.806 - 0.01143)
ICS Stage: Early Pleistocene (1.806 - 0.781)
Australian Stage: Werrikooian (1.806 - 1)
Informal Period: Pleistogene (1.806 - -5.5012e-005)
Informal Sub-era: Quaternary (1.806 - -5.5012e-005)
North American Stage: Irvingtonian (1.806 - 0.3)
-- Contains the Following Sub-Epochs --
Sub-Epoch: Early Pliocene (5.332 - 3.6)
Sub-Epoch: Late Pliocene (3.6 - 1.806)
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