Early Pliocene Sub-Epoch
(Lower Pliocene)
From 5.332 +/- 0.005 To 3.6 +/- 0.005 Ma
Start Defined By: Top of magnetic polarity chronozone C3r, ~100 kyr before
Thvera normal-polarity subchronozone (C3n.4n). Calcareous nannofossils --
near extinction level of Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus (base Zone CN10b) and
the lowest occurrence of Ceratolithus acutus.
End Defined By: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2An (Gauss);
extinction levels of planktonic foraminifers Globorotalia margaritae and
Pulleniatina primalis.
Start Based On: Gradstein, Ogg, Smith, _A Geologic Time Scale 2004_
End Based On: Gradstein, Ogg, Smith, _A Geologic Time Scale 2004_
-- Overlaps With --
Australian Stage: Mitchellian (10.5 - 5)
Australian Stage: Kalimnan (4.3 - 3.4)
New Zealand Stage: Kapitean (6 - 4.8)
North American Stage: Hemphillian (9 - 4.75)
North American Stage: Blancan (4.75 - 1.806)
-- A Substage of --
Eon: Phanerozoic (542 - -5.5012e-005)
Era: Cenozoic (65.5 - -5.5012e-005)
Period: Neogene (23.03 - -5.5012e-005)
Epoch: Pliocene (5.332 - 1.806)
Californian Stage: Delmontian (7.5 - 2.9)
Informal Sub-era: Tertiary (65.5 - 1.806)
Japanese Stage: Yuian (9.5 - 3.6)
-- Preceeded By --
Epoch: Miocene (23.03 - 5.332)
Sub-Epoch: Late Miocene (11.608 - 5.332)
ICS Stage: Messinian (7.246 - 5.332)
-- Followed By --
Sub-Epoch: Late Pliocene (3.6 - 1.806)
ICS Stage: Piacenzian (3.6 - 2.588)
Japanese Stage: Totomian (3.6 - 3)
New Zealand Stage: Waipipian (3.6 - 2.6)
-- Contains the Following Stages --
ICS Stage: Zanclean (5.332 - 3.6)
Australian Stage: Cheltenhamian (5 - 4.3)
New Zealand Stage: Opoitian (4.8 - 3.6)
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