Miocene Epoch
From 23.03 +/- 0.05 To 5.332 +/- 0.005 Ma
Start Defined By: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C6Cn.2n; lowest
occurrence of planktonic foraminifer Paragloborotalia kugleri; near
extinction of calcareous nannofossil Reticulofenestra bisecta (base Zone
NN1).
End Defined By: Top of magnetic polarity chronozone C3r, ~100 kyr before
Thvera normal-polarity subchronozone (C3n.4n). Calcareous nannofossils --
near extinction level of Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus (base Zone CN10b) and
the lowest occurrence of Ceratolithus acutus.
Start Based On: Gradstein, Ogg, Smith, _A Geologic Time Scale 2004_
End Based On: Gradstein, Ogg, Smith, _A Geologic Time Scale 2004_
-- Overlaps With --
Australian Stage: Longfordian (27.5 - 16.5)
Australian Stage: Mitchellian (10.5 - 5)
Californian Stage: Zemorrian (33.5 - 22)
Californian Stage: Delmontian (7.5 - 2.9)
Japanese Stage: Yuian (9.5 - 3.6)
New Zealand Stage: Kapitean (6 - 4.8)
North American Stage: Arikareean (30.5 - 19)
North American Stage: Hemphillian (9 - 4.75)
-- A Substage of --
Eon: Phanerozoic (542 - -5.5012e-005)
Era: Cenozoic (65.5 - -5.5012e-005)
Period: Neogene (23.03 - -5.5012e-005)
Informal Sub-era: Tertiary (65.5 - 1.806)
-- Preceeded By --
Period: Paleogene (65.5 - 23.03)
Epoch: Oligocene (33.9 - 23.03)
Sub-Epoch: Late Oligocene (28.4 - 23.03)
ICS Stage: Chattian (28.4 - 23.03)
New Zealand Stage: Waitakian (27 - 23.03)
-- Followed By --
Epoch: Pliocene (5.332 - 1.806)
Sub-Epoch: Early Pliocene (5.332 - 3.6)
ICS Stage: Zanclean (5.332 - 3.6)
-- Contains the Following Sub-Epochs --
Sub-Epoch: Early Miocene (23.03 - 15.97)
Sub-Epoch: Middle Miocene (15.97 - 11.608)
Sub-Epoch: Late Miocene (11.608 - 5.332)
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