|
Stage
|
Age (Ma) GTS 2020
|
GSSP Location
|
Latitude, Longitude
|
Boundary Level
|
Correlation Events
|
|
Status
|
Reference
|
| Quaternary System |
| Holocene Series |
|
Meghalayan Stage
| 0.00425 |
Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya,India |
25.2622°N 91.7150°E |
Mawmluh Cave speleothem dated at 4250yr bk2 (before AD2000) |
Stable isotope profile shows a shift to heavier isotopic values, |
|
Ratified 2018 |
Episodes 41/4, 2018 |
|
Northgrippian Stage
| 0.008236 |
borehole NGRIP1 in the central Greenland ice sheet |
75.1000°N 42.3200°W |
1228.67 m depth in NGRIP 1 ice core |
Climatic cooling following a period of generally rising temperatures
during the
Early Holocene |
|
Ratified 2018 |
Episodes 41/4, 2018 |
|
Greenlandian Stage
| 0.0118 |
NorthGRIP ice core, central Greenland |
75.1000°N 42.3200°W |
1492.45m depth in Borehole NGRIP2 |
Climatic -- End of the Younger Dryas cold spell, which is reflected
in a shift in deuterium excess values |
|
Ratified 2008 |
Episodes 31/2, 2008; J. Quaternary Sci., Vol. 24 pp. 3-17, 2009; Episodes 41/4, 2018 |
| Pleistocene Series |
|
Upper Pleistocene Stage | 0.126 |
Taranto, Italy |
0.0000°N 0.0000°E |
63.5 m below surface |
Climatic -- Base of the Eemian interglacial stage (= base of marine
isotope stage 5e) before final glacial episode of Pleistocene. |
|
|
Episodes 31/2, 2008 |
|
Chibanian
| 0.78 |
Chiba, Japan |
|
Base of Byk-E tephra bed |
Byk-E tephra; 1.1 m below directional midpoint of Brunhes–Matuyama
magnetic
reversal (base of Chron 1n) |
|
Ratified 2019 |
|
|
Calabrian Stage
| 1.8 |
Vrica, Italy |
39.0385°N 17.1348°E |
base of the marine claystone overlying the sapropelic marker Bed
'e' (Mediterranean Precession Related Sapropel, MPRS 176) |
top of Olduvai magnetic subchron is about 8 m above the GSSP |
|
Ratified 1985 |
Episodes 8/2, p. 116 - 120, 1985; Episodes 35/3, p. 388 - 397, 2012 |
|
Gelasian Stage
| 2.58 |
Monte San Nicola, Sicily, Italy |
37.1469°N 14.2035°E |
base of marly layer overlying sapropel MPRS 250 |
Magnetic -- Matuyama/Gauss boundary (C2r/C2An) is 1m below GSSP. GSSP
level is within Marine Isotope Stage 103. |
|
Definition as base of Quaternary and Pleistocene ratified 2009 |
Episodes 21/2, p. 82-87, 1998 |
| Neogene System |
| Pliocene Series |
|
Piacenzian Stage
| 3.6 |
Punta Piccola, Sicily, Italy |
37.2889°N 13.4933°E |
base of the beige marl bed of small-scale carbonate cycle 77 (MPRS
347) |
Magnetic -- Gauss/Gilbert (C2An/C2Ar) magnetic reversal is recorded
immediately above the GSSP |
|
Ratified 1997 |
Episodes 21/2, p. 88-93, 1998 |
|
Zanclean Stage
| 5.333 |
Eraclea Minoa, Sicily, Italy |
37.3917°N 13.2806°E |
base of the Trubi Formation which corresponds to Insolation cycle 510 |
Magnetic -- base of the Thvera magnetic event (C3n.4n) is
only 96 kyr (5 precession cycles) younger than the GSSP. |
|
Ratified 2000 |
Episodes 23/3, p. 179 - 187, 2000 |
| Miocene Series |
|
Messinian Stage
| 7.25 |
Oued Akrech, Morocco |
33.9369°N 6.8125°W |
reddish layer of sedimentary cycle number 15 |
Planktonic foraminifer first regular occurrence of Globorotalia
miotumida, and calcareous nannofossil FAD
Amaurolithus delicatus |
|
Ratified 2000 |
Episodes 23/3, p. 172 - 178, 2000 |
|
Tortonian Stage
| 11.63 |
Monte dei Corvi Beach, near Ancona, Italy |
43.5867°N 13.5694°E |
mid-point of sapropel layer of basic cycle number 76. |
Calcareous nannofossil last common occurrence of Discoaster
kugleri |
|
Ratified 2003 |
Episodes 28/1, p. 6 - 17, 2005 |
|
Serravallian Stage
| 13.82 |
Ras il Pellegrin section, Fomm Ir-Rih Bay, west coast of Malta |
35.9139°N 14.3361°E |
formation boundary between the Globigerina Limestone and Blue Clay
Formation |
Oxygen-isotopic event (global cooling episode) Mi3b; near calcareous
nannofossil LAD ofSphenolithus heteromorphus |
|
Ratified 2007 |
Episodes, 32/3, 152 - 166, 2009 |
|
Langhian Stage | 15.99 |
St. Peter's Pool, Malta or La Vedova,Italy |
|
|
Base of magnetic polarity chron C5Br |
|
|
|
|
Burdigalian Stage | 20.45 |
Potentially in astronomically-tuned ODP core |
|
|
Near FAD of calcareous nannofossil Helicosphaera ampliaperta |
|
|
|
|
Aquitanian Stage
| 23.04 |
Lemme-Carrioso Section, Allessandria Province, Italy |
44.6589°N 8.8364°E |
35m from the top of the section |
Magnetic -- base of Chron C6Cn.2n; planktonic
foraminifer FAD of Paragloborotalia kugleri;
calcareous nannofossil near LAD Reticulofenestra bisecta (base
Zone NN1); Oxygen isotopic event Mi-1. |
|
Ratified 1996 |
Episodes 20/1, p. 23 - 28, 1997 |
| Paleogene System |
| Oligocene Series |
|
Chattian Stage
| 27.3 |
Monte Cagnero, Umbria-Marche region, Italy |
43.6466°N 12.4677°E |
at meter level 197 |
HCO (highest common occurrence) of planktonic foraminifer
Chiloguembelina cubensis |
|
Ratified 2016 |
Episodes 41/1, p. 17-32, 2018 |
|
Rupelian Stage
| 33.9 |
Massignano, near Ancona, Italy |
43.5328°N 13.6011°E |
base of a 0.5m thick greenish-grey marl bed 19m above base of section |
Foraminifer LAD Hantkenina and Cribrohantkenina |
|
Ratified 1992 |
Episodes 16/3, p.379 - 382, 1993 |
| Eocene Series |
|
Priabonian Stage
| 37.7 |
Alano di Piave section, NE Italy |
45.9142°N 11.9180°E |
Tiziano Bed at 63.57m |
Foraminifer LAD of Morozovelloides, Calcareous nannofossil acme
of
Cribrocentrum erbae |
|
Ratified 2020 |
Episodes 44/2, p.151-173, 2021 |
|
Bartonian Stage | 41 |
Contessa highway section near Gubio, Central Apennines, Italy |
|
|
provisional: base of magnetic polarity chronozone C18r |
|
|
|
|
Lutetian Stage
| 48.1 |
Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section,Basque Country, northern Spain |
43.3796°N 3.0143°W |
at 167.85 metres in the Gorrondatxe section at a dark marly level |
Calcareous nannofossil FAD of Blackites inflatus |
|
Ratified 2011 |
Episodes 34/2, p. 86 - 108 2011 |
|
Ypresian Stage
| 56 |
Dababiya, near Luxor, Egypt |
25.5000°N 32.5311°E |
base of Bed 1 in DBH subsection |
Carbon Isotope Excursion base, initiation of basal Eocene Thermal
maximum ("PETM") |
|
Ratified 2003 |
Micropaleontology 49/1, p.41 - 59, 2003; Episodes 30/4, p. 271 - 286, 2007 |
| Paleocene Series |
|
Thanetian Stage
| 59.2 |
Zumaia section, northern Spain |
43.2996°N 2.2609°W |
About 78 m above the Cretaceous/ Paleogene boundary; 6.5m above the
base of Member B of the Itzurun Formation |
Magnetic -- Base of Chron C26n |
|
Ratified 2008 |
Episodes 34/4,p. 220-243, 2011 |
|
Selandian Stage
| 61.7 |
Zumaia section, northern Spain |
43.2992°N 2.2610°W |
base of the red marls of Itzurun Formation |
Onset of a carbon isotope shift and sea-level drop, 30 precession
cycles (~630 kyr) above the top of magnetic polarity Chron 27n |
|
Ratified 2008 |
Episodes 34/4,p. 220-243, 2011 |
|
Danian Stage
| 66 |
Oued Djerfane, west of El Kef, Tunisia |
36.1537°N 8.6486°E |
reddish layer at the base of the 50cm thick, dark boundary clay |
Iridium geochemical anomaly. Associated with a major extinction
horizon (dinosaurs, ammonites, foraminifers, etc.) |
|
Ratified 1991 |
Episodes 29/4, p. 263 - 278, 2006 |
